1. Ch. 4 “People and Places”

2. 4.1 Elements of Culture Culture:
The total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of specific group
Can involve:
Religion, food, education, language, relationships, etc.

3. Society
A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and culture
Cubans

4. Ethnic Group
a specific group that shares a language, customs, and heritage.

5. Culture Change and Exchange
3 Types:
Innovation
Diffusion
Acculturation

6. Innovation
Taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need.

7. Diffusion Spread of new ideas
Resources like the television and internet help to spread new ideas
Cultural hearth- where it all begin; the site of innovation

8. Acculturation
Occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation.

9. Language Allows people to communicate
Helps establish cultural identity.
Dialect: differ. Version of speech
ie.: southern drawl
Language can be spread through trade and migration

10. Religion Monotheistic: one god Polytheistic: more than one
Animistic: divine forces are within nature
Spread through diffusion and converts

11. Major Religions Judaism Christianity Holy book is known as Torah.
Centered in Israel
Christianity
Evolved from Judaism
Based on teachings of Jesus
Holy book is Bible

12. Islam Hinduism Buddhism Based on teachings of the prophet Muhammad
Holy book is the Qur’an
Hinduism
Polytheistic
Based on a caste system
Buddhism
Derives from Hinduism
Goal is to reach an enlightened state known as “Nirvana”

13. Ch. 4.2 “Population Geography”

14. World Wide Population Growth
Birthrate:
Number of births per 1000
Mortality rate:
Number of deaths per 1000
Population Growth
“BR-MR”= pop growth

15. Population Distribution
Habitable Lands
Area between 20° and 60° latitude
Urban-rural mix

16. Population Distribution
60°
20°

17. Migration Movement of people from one place to another
Push-pull factors:
push: cause people to leave their homeland
pull: what attracts people to another location

18. Population Density Avg. # of people who live in a measurable area
Carrying capacity: the ability of an areas land to support the inhabitants.

19. Ch. 4.3 “Political Geography”
Nation:
people with common culture living in a territory
State :
Independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has control of internal/external affairs
Nation-state:
nation and state occupy same territory

20. Types of Government Democracy:
Citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected reps.

21. Monarchy
Ruling family, headed by a king or queen holds power. May or may not share power with citizen bodies.

22. Dictatorship
Individual or group holds complete political power.

23. Communism
Govt. and econ. system where all political power and means of production are held by the govt. in the name of the people

24. Geographic Characteristics
Size
More potential for resources and population base
Shape
Impacts how goods are moved and how easily it can be governed

25. Location
Landlocked: land w/ no direct outlet to water
Bolivia

26. National Boundaries Natural Boundaries Artificial Boundaries
Rivers, lakes, or mountains
Artificial Boundaries
Fixed line generally following lat. or long.

27. Regional Political Systems
Countries are often divided into smaller systems to make govt. more efficient.
Towns, cities, villages are examples

28. Ch. 4.4 “Urban Geography” Cities: Suburbs: Metropolitan Area:
Centers of business & culture
Large populations
Suburbs:
Political units that touch the borders of the central city
ie: Redlands
Metropolitan Area:
Cities, suburbs, linked together to form

29. Urbanization
Rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle

30. City locations Cities grow around lakes, rivers or coastal areas
Areas with good natural resources
Economic growth because of location
Ex.: Pittsburgh, PA located around iron and coal mines

31. Land Use Residential: homes and apts. Industrial : manufacturing
Commercial: private businesses

32. Central Business District (CBD)
Core of the city, almost always based on commercial activity
Land is very expensive

33. Ch. 4.5 “Economic Geography”
Economy:
Consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group
Economic System:
the way people produce and exchange goods and services

34. Types of Economic Systems
Traditional econ.: no exchange of money
Command Econ:
Production is determined by a central govt.
Market Econ:
Production is determined by demand from consumers
Mixed Econ:
combination of command and market econ’s for the benefit of all

35. Economic Levels Primary: Secondary
Gather raw materials, derived from resources
Secondary
Turn raw materials into goods

36. Tertiary: Quaternary: Add business and professional services
Activities by highly-trained persons

37. Natural Resources Renewable: Non-renewable: Inexhaustible:
Resources can be replaced through a natural process
Non-renewable:
Resources that can not be replaced once they have been removed
Inexhaustible:
as a result of the planetary or solar process

38. Economic Support System
Infrastructure:
Basic support system that keeps an economy going
The more sophisticated the more developed the country is

39. Measuring Econ. Development
GNP Gross National Product:
Total value of all goods and services
GDP Gross Domestic Product:
Total value of all goods and services within a country