1. Chapter 2

2. Section 1 Topography = the shape of the land
Elevation – height above sea level
Relief – difference in elevation between highest and lowest point
Landforms – feature of topography formed by the processes that shape Earth’s surface

3. Landforms
PLAIN

4. Plain
Plain – a landform made up of nearly flat or gently rolling land with low relief. Coastal Plain – a plain that lies along a seacoast (low elevation, low relief)

5. Landforms
Mountain

6. Mountains Mountain – a landform with high elevation and high relief
Mountain range – a group of mountains that are closely related in shape, structure and age
Mountain system – different mountain ranges in a region
Mountain belt – mountain ranges and mountain systems in a long, connected chain form a larger unit (ex. Rocky Mtns)

7. Landforms
Plateau

8. Plateau
Plateau – landform that has a high elevation and a more or less level surface

9. Landform Region
A large area of land where the topography is made up mainly of one type of landform.
Great Plains
Rocky Mountains

11. Section 2
If you were standing on Earth…how would you know what shape it was?
If you were sailing…how would you figure out the shape of Earth?

12. Map vs. Globe
MAP GLOBE FLAT MODEL SPHERE All or part of Earth’s surface Earth’s entire surface Seen from above Scale Symbols Key Compass

13. Map vs. Globe
Which version is more accurate relative to size, shape and positions of objects?
THE GLOBE!!!!

14. Features
Scale – relates distance on a map to a distance on Earth’s surface
Symbols – shapes and pictures that stand for feature on Earth’s surface
Key – a list of all the symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meaning

18. Earth’s Reference System
To locate positions on Earth’s surface, scientists use degrees.

19. Earth’s Reference System
The equator forms an imaginary line that circles the earth.

20. The equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern hemisphere.

21. Earth’s Reference System
A second imaginary line called the Prime Meridian makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole and it passes through Greenwich, England.
Areas that are east of the Prime Meridian are in the Eastern Hemisphere while areas west of the Prime Meridian are in the Western Hemisphere.

23. Reference System
Maps and globes show gridlines as a reference.

24. Earth’s Reference System
Whether a map or a globe, lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be used to locate things on Earth’s surface

25. Latitude – measures degrees north or south of the equator

26. Longitude – measure degrees east or west of the prime meridian

27. Locating a Point

28. Map Projection
= a framework of lines that helps in transferring points on Earth’s three-dimensional surface onto a flat map.
3 types
Mercator
Conic
Equal Area

29. Mercator Projection

30. Mercator
All lines of latitude and longitude appear as straight, parallel lines that form a rectangle
Size and shape of landmasses near the equator are distorted a little, but they become more distorted as you go towards the poles

31. Conic Projection

32. Conic
Lines of longitude appear as straight lines while lines of latitude are curved
Little distortion because it only shows a small part of Earth’s surface
Frequently used for maps of the continental United States

33. Equal Area Correctly shows the relative sizes of Earth’s landmasses
Shapes of landmass near the edges of the map appear curved and stretched

34. Section 3 How do you draw maps without satellites?
Sketch the coastline from a ship
Surveying = mapmakers determine distances and elevations using instruments and the principles of geometry
Photographs from airplanes

35. What do we use to make maps today?
COMPUTERS

36. Maps
Using computers, maps can be stored, processed and displayed electronically
Digitizing = the process by which mapmakers convert the location of map points to numbers
Data is stored as 0s and 1s

37. Sources of Map Data
Computers produce maps using data from many sources
Satellites – Landsat satellites to observe Earth’s surface
Global Positioning System (GPS)

38. Satellite Images = picture of the surface based on data
Made up of thousands of pixels
Pixel = thousands of tiny dots

40. Global Positioning System
GPS = a method of finding latitude, longitude and elevation of points on Earth’s surface using a network of satellites.

41. Section 4
Topographic Map = a map showing the surface features of an area
Uses symbols to portray land
Looking down from above
Shows elevation, relief and slope

42. Elements of a Topographic Map
Elevation –Height above sea level
Relief – the difference between the highest elevation and lowest elevation of an area.
Slope – the angle of Earth’s surface

43. Topographic Map
Uses contour lines to represent elevation, relief and slope
Contour line = connects points of equal elevation

44. Where are the contour lines?

45. Topographic Map
Contour interval = change in elevation from contour line to contour line
Same for all of
the map!

46. Topographic Map
Index contours = darker, heavier lines labeled with the elevation in round units

47. Reading a Topographic Map
Scale
Ex. 1:24,000 means 1 centimeter equals 0.24 kilometers
Symbols
Found in the Key
Used to show houses, building, rivers, highways, etc.
Interpreting Contour Lines

48. Interpreting Contour Lines
Closely spaced contour lines indicate a STEEP SLOPE
Widely spaced contour lines indicate GENTLE SLOPES OR FLAT AREAS

50. Interpreting Contour Lines
Contour line that forms a closed loop with no other contour lines inside indicates a HILLTOP
Closed loop with dashes inside indicates a DEPRESSION

52. Interpreting Contour Lines
V shaped lines pointing downhill indicate a ridge line

53. Interpreting Contour Lines
V shaped lines pointing uphill indicate a valley

54. Uses of Topographic Map
When would you use a topographic map?
Engineer designing a highway
Build new stores
Build new houses
New schools or buildings
Bicycle trip/hiking

55. PRACTICE!!!

56. MORE PRACTICE!!

57. LET’S TRY IT!!!!!!!