1. Topographic Mapping Honors Earth Science Parkland High School

2. Review of Latitude Latitude describes locations north and south of the Equator (0°) Latitude describes locations north and south of the Equator (0°) Lines of latitude are also called parallels Lines of latitude are also called parallels Ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles Ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles

4. Review of Longitude Longitude describes locations east and west of the Prime Meridian (0°) Longitude describes locations east and west of the Prime Meridian (0°) Longitude is represented by imaginary lines extending from the North Pole to the South Pole Longitude is represented by imaginary lines extending from the North Pole to the South Pole Longitude ranges from 0° at the Prime Meridian to 180° on the opposite side of the world (International Date Line) Longitude ranges from 0° at the Prime Meridian to 180° on the opposite side of the world (International Date Line)

6. Minutes and Seconds Used when more precise descriptions of latitude and longitude are needed Used when more precise descriptions of latitude and longitude are needed One degree is divided into 60 minutes (60') One degree is divided into 60 minutes (60') One minute is divided into 60 second (60") One minute is divided into 60 second (60")

7. Importance of Latitude and Longitude Accurately describes a unique location on the Earth Accurately describes a unique location on the Earth

8. Time Zones Why do we have them? Why do we have them? Telegraphs and trains brought about the need for standardized timesTelegraphs and trains brought about the need for standardized times 24 standard time zones were established by international agreement24 standard time zones were established by international agreement Time zones based on longitude and are in 15° incrementsTime zones based on longitude and are in 15° increments

10. Time Zones of the US

11. International Date Line Located at 180° on the opposite side of the world from the Prime Meridian Located at 180° on the opposite side of the world from the Prime Meridian When crossing the IDL going from west to east, it becomes the previous day When crossing the IDL going from west to east, it becomes the previous day When crossing the IDL going from east to west, it becomes the next day When crossing the IDL going from east to west, it becomes the next day

13. Time Zone Problem You leave New York City (75°W) at 1pm. What time is it in Seattle (120°W)? You leave New York City (75°W) at 1pm. What time is it in Seattle (120°W)?

14. Answer 10am 10am

15. Time Zone Problem You leave Easter Island (150°W) at 10am on Monday. What time is it in Bikini Island (165°E)? You leave Easter Island (150°W) at 10am on Monday. What time is it in Bikini Island (165°E)? What day is it? What day is it?

16. Answer 7am 7am Tuesday Tuesday

17. Topographic Maps Topographic maps are important tools for studying the earth surface, not only for geologists, but for engineers, foresters, land use planners, hikers...virtually anyone who travels outdoors. Topographic maps summarize the three dimensional topography of the earth's surface on two dimensional pieces of paper (or computer screens).

18. A topographic map is a map that shows topography and features found on the Earth’s surface.

19. Symbols Topographic maps use symbols to represent natural and human constructed features found in the environment. The symbols used to represent features can be of three types: points, lines, and polygons. Points are used to depict features like bridges and buildings. Lines are used to graphically illustrate features that are linear. Some common linear features include roads, railways, and rivers. However, we also need to include representations of area, in the case of forested land or cleared land; this is done through the use of color. Topographic maps use symbols to represent natural and human constructed features found in the environment. The symbols used to represent features can be of three types: points, lines, and polygons. Points are used to depict features like bridges and buildings. Lines are used to graphically illustrate features that are linear. Some common linear features include roads, railways, and rivers. However, we also need to include representations of area, in the case of forested land or cleared land; this is done through the use of color.

21. Review Types of Scales

22. Contour Lines What are they? What are they? Imaginary lines that connect points of equal elevation-if you walk along a line, you neither gain nor lose elevation.Imaginary lines that connect points of equal elevation-if you walk along a line, you neither gain nor lose elevation. Help understand and visualize the topography of a surface using a mapHelp understand and visualize the topography of a surface using a map

24. Important Contour Rules Contour lines connect points of equal elevation Contour lines connect points of equal elevation Contour lines NEVER cross Contour lines NEVER cross Contour lines spaced far apart indicate a gentle slope, contour lines spaced close together indicate a steep slope Contour lines spaced far apart indicate a gentle slope, contour lines spaced close together indicate a steep slope Contour interval is the difference between two successive contour lines Contour interval is the difference between two successive contour lines

25. Contour lines that cross a valley or stream are V-shaped. The V points toward the area of higher elevation. If a stream or river flows through the valley, the V points upstream. Contour lines that cross a valley or stream are V-shaped. The V points toward the area of higher elevation. If a stream or river flows through the valley, the V points upstream.

26. Hills are represented by a concentric series of closed contour lines Hills are represented by a concentric series of closed contour lines A concentric series of closed contours with hachure marks on the downhill side represents a closed depression. A concentric series of closed contours with hachure marks on the downhill side represents a closed depression.

27. Widely Spaced Contours

28. Gentle Slope

29. Closely Spaced Contours

30. Steep Slope

31. Index Contours Contour line that is accentuated in thickness and is often labeled with the appropriate measure of elevation. Index contours occur every fourth or fifth contour interval and help the map user read elevations on a map. Contour line that is accentuated in thickness and is often labeled with the appropriate measure of elevation. Index contours occur every fourth or fifth contour interval and help the map user read elevations on a map.

32. Elevations on one side of a contour line are higher than on the other side What is the elevation of A, B, C, D, E?

33. Topographic Profiles Allow us to see the changes in elevation of the landscape along a line Allow us to see the changes in elevation of the landscape along a line Creates a side view of the landscape Creates a side view of the landscape

34. How to Construct a Topographic Profile Put a tick mark on your piece of paper where a contour line touches the paper Put a tick mark on your piece of paper where a contour line touches the paper Label this with the contour elevation Label this with the contour elevation

36. How to Continued… Line your piece of paper with a graph and place a dot above each tick mark at the height that is labeled for that tick mark Line your piece of paper with a graph and place a dot above each tick mark at the height that is labeled for that tick mark Connect the dots Connect the dots

39. Elevation Elevation is the height of an object above sea level Elevation is the height of an object above sea level The elevation at sea level is 0. The elevation at sea level is 0.

40. Relief The difference in elevation between two points The difference in elevation between two points

41. Slope A way of describing elevation changes over a distance A way of describing elevation changes over a distance Difference in elevation between 2 points divided by the horizontal distance between the 2 points Difference in elevation between 2 points divided by the horizontal distance between the 2 points

43. Calculating Slope from a Topographic Map 1) Decide on an area for which you want to calculate the slope 1) Decide on an area for which you want to calculate the slope 2) Once you have decided on an area of interest, draw a straight line perpendicular to the contours on the slope. For the most accuracy, start and end your line on, rather than between, contours on the map. 2) Once you have decided on an area of interest, draw a straight line perpendicular to the contours on the slope. For the most accuracy, start and end your line on, rather than between, contours on the map.

44. 3) Measure the length of the line you drew and, using the scale of the map, convert that distance to feet. 3) Measure the length of the line you drew and, using the scale of the map, convert that distance to feet. 4) Determine the total elevation change along the line you drew (subtract the elevation of the lowest contour used from the elevation of the highest contour used). You do not need to do any conversions on this measurement, as it is a real-world elevation change. 4) Determine the total elevation change along the line you drew (subtract the elevation of the lowest contour used from the elevation of the highest contour used). You do not need to do any conversions on this measurement, as it is a real-world elevation change.

45. 5) Simply divide the elevation change in feet by the distance of the line you drew 5) Simply divide the elevation change in feet by the distance of the line you drew

46. The End