1. Grammar

2. What you will need to know for the quiz: Phrases Irregular Verbs: to lie vs. to lay Clauses Need to review? Four kinds of sentences Four kinds of complements

3. Review Kinds of Sentences Complements Home

4. Four Kinds of Sentences 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 4. Compound-Complex Sentence Home Click here for sentences tree.

5. 1. Simple Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate) Example: Kate ran to the restaurant. Back to kinds of sentences. Home

6. 2. Compound Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. Back to kinds of sentences. Home

7. 3. Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant. Back to kinds of sentences. Home

8. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. Back to kinds of sentences. Home

9. Complements Definition: a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb. Click here for four types. Home Click here for complements tree.

10. Four Types of Complements 1. Predicate noun (subject complement): Rhoda became a star. 2. Predicate adjective: Betty was courageous. 3. Direct Object: Janet loves Jill. 4. Indirect Object: Give me the hammer, please. Back to definition of complements. Question for review: Which are linking verbs?

11. Sentences one and two contain linking verbs: Rhoda became a star. Betty was courageous. Home. Back to kinds of complements.

12. Clauses MAIN SUBORDINATE Home Click here for clauses tree.

13. Main Clause Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)— that is, a subject and a verb. Example: The dog jumped over the plate. Back to clauses. Home

14. Subordinate Clauses Adjective Noun Home Adverb

15. Adjective Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun) Example: Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny. Back to kinds of subordinate clauses. Home

16. Adverb Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition) Example: Before we go, I must put on my shoes. Back to kinds of subordinate clauses. Home

17. Noun Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun (as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive) Back to kinds of subordinate clauses. Home Click here for kinds of noun clauses.

18. Kinds of Noun Clauses as subjectas direct object as indirect object as predicate noun (or subject complement) as appositive Back to definition of noun clause. As object of preposition

19. Noun Clause: As Subject That it snowed surprised me. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

20. Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The question was how to cross the bridge. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

21. Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition You give the drum to whoever wants it. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

22. Noun Clause: As Direct Object Chapin girls know that reading is fun. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

23. Noun Clause: As Indirect Object Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

24. Noun Clause: As Appositive My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen. Back to kinds of noun clauses.

25. Phrases PREPOSITIONAL VERBAL Home Click here for phrases tree.

26. Phrases: Verbals Gerund Participial Back to kinds of phrases. Infinitive Home

27. Infinitive Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.” Question for review: What is the infinitive alone? Back to kinds of verbals. Home Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.

28. to speak (the infinitive) Back to infinitive phrase. Home

29. Kinds of Infinitive Phrases Back to definition of infinitive phrase. as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as direct object as appositive

30. Infinitive Phrase: As Subject To snow hard is a wonder. Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

31. Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The trick was to carry the egg slowly. Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

32. Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object Chapin girls like to study hard. Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

33. Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen. Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

34. Prepositional Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence) Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.). Question for review: Where is the appositive? Back to kinds of phrases. Home

35. On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter. (the appositive) Back to prepositional phrases. Home

36. Participial Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en) Click here for examples. Home Back to kinds of verbals.

37. Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past) Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing. Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building. Question #1 for review: What are the participles alone? Home Back to definition of participial phrase. Question #2 to test your knowledge of gerunds vs. participles.

38. filled (past participle) tapping (present participle) Home. Back to participial phrase examples.

39. Gerund Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun) Back to kinds of verbals. Home Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.

40. Which is the gerund? Which is the participle? Walking on my tiptoes is fun. Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Back to partipial phrase examples. Click here for answer.

41. Participle: Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund: Walking on my tiptoes is fun. Back to examples of participial phrases.

42. Kinds of Gerund Phrases Back to definition of gerund. as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as object of preposition as direct object as indirect object as appositive

43. Gerund Phrase: As Subject Running in water is good for your legs. Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

44. Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) Her hope was getting a good seat. Back to kinds gerund phrases.

45. Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud. Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

46. Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object I love playing the piano. Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

47. Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object Back to kinds of gerund phrases. She gave playing the piano a chance.

48. Gerund Phrase: As Appositive Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her. Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

49. To Lay: to put, place Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc. Past: I laid, you laid, etc. Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc. Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc. To Lie Home

50. To Lie: to recline Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc. Past: I lay, you lay, etc. Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc. Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc. Click here to quiz yourself. Home Back to “to lay.”

51. Is this correct? The old man lay on the couch. Click here for answer. Home

52. Yes! Back to “to lie” page. Home

53. Back to phrases.

54. Back to complements.

56. Click here for clauses.