1. Blood vessels & circulation
Anatomy & Physiology

2. Circulation of Blood
left side heart  aorta  branches of aorta (arteries)  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins  vena cava  right side of heart  pulmonary circulation  left side of heart

3. Arteries any blood vessel carrying blood away from heart
designed to withstand higher pressure than veins
elastic: must swell to take up blood expelled by the heart
swelling stretches elastic tissue & keeps the blood pressure fairly high between heart beats
small arteries (arterioles)have muscles that control their diameters (precapillary sphincters): used to control blood flow thru an organ

4. cross-section of artery

5. Capillaries where materials delivered to/from cells  blood
walls 1 squamous cell thick: so diffusion very fast
not elastic

6. Types of Capillaries

7. Veins any blood vessel with blood flowing toward the heart
low pressure vessels
can expand to accommodate differing volumes of blood flow
contain valves to stop backflow of blood

8. cross-section of vein with valve

9. Comparing Arteries & Veins

10. Blood Flow
active organs like the liver, brain, kidneys have high blood rest
Kidney: ~25% of cardiac output
GI tract & liver: ~25%
Muscle rest: ~20%
Brain: ~ 15%

11. Adaptions for Exercise
during exercise: blood flow to active muscles greatly increases: up to 80% of cardiac output
Blood flow to skin increases or decreases to regulate body temperature

12. Questions?
What do you think happens to blood flow to your stomach during exercise?
What do you think happens to blood flow to your heart during exercise?

13. Blood Flow Through Organs
regulated by nerves & chemical agents
both cardiac output & blood vessel diameter controlled by hormones & nerves
controlled by ANS
increasing blood pressure can increase blood flow increasing blood pressure  increases cardiac output  constricts many arterioles  more blood volume to other organs

14. Pulmonary Circuit circuit of blood vessels from heart  lungs heart
rt ventricle of heart pumps blood thru pulmonary trunk  branches into rt & lt pulmonary arteries  smaller arterioles  capillaries that surround the alveoli (little air sacs) where oxygenation of RBCs & get rid of carbon dioxide

15. Pulmonary Circuit cont’d
from capillaries  venules which merge into larger & larger veins until they merge into the pulmonary veins: 2 pulmonary veins from each lung empty into lt atrium

16. Remember!
Pulmonary Trunk & Pulmonary Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood into left side of heart

17. Aorta Ascending Aorta rt & lt coronary arteries Aortic Arch
aortic semilunar valve
rt & lt coronary arteries
supply rt & lt sides of heart
Aortic Arch
3 important branches: brachiocephalic trunk, lt common carotid, lt subclavian
Descending Aorta
travels posterior to heart
portion in thorax called thoracic aorta
Portion in abdominal cavity called abdominal aorta

19. Common Carotids branch into: External Carotid arteries
supply blood to neck, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, lower jaw, face
Internal Carotid arteries
supply blood to the brain (with the rt & lt vertebral arteries: branches of subclavian arteries)

20. Arteries of Upper Extremities
Axillary artery:
branch of subclavian artery
becomes Brachial artery in the arm
branches into Radial (pulse)& Ulnar arteries in lower arm

21. Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
descends slightly to the left of the vertebral column
retroperitoneal
Branches:
Celiac Trunk (3 branches)
Lt gastric artery: stomach
Splenic artery: spleen: stomach, & pancreas
Common Hepatic Artery: liver, stomach, gallbladder, & duodenum

22. Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
2. Superior Mesenteric Artery:
pancreas, duodenum, small intestines, most of large intestines
3. Inferior mesenteric Artery:
terminal portion of the colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum

23. Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

24. 5 Paired Arteries from Abdominal Aorta
Inferior phrenic arteries
inferior surface of diaphragm
Suprarenal arteries
Adrenal glands
Renal arteries
kidneys
Gonadal arteries
Testicular or Ovarian
Lumbar arteries
vertebrae, spinal cord, abdominal wall

26. Iliac Arteries
Abdominal Aorta branches into rt & lt Common Iliac L4 level
each branches  internal & external iliac level of lumbosacral joint
Internal Iliac Arteries:
bladder, external genitalia, uterus, vagina
External Iliac Arteries:
blood to lower extremities

27. Iliac Arteries & Branches

28. External Iliac Arteries
when cross over to medial surface of thigh become Femoral Arteries
branches to deep femoral & superficial femoral
when reaches knee becomes Popliteal Artery
where it branches  posterior & anterior Tibial arteries
Posterior Tibial Artery divides  Medial & Plantar Arteries

29. Arteries of the Lower Extremities

30. Systemic Veins
Most veins run parallel to arteries of same name

31. Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
SVC: large vein that receives blood from upper body (head, neck, upper limbs)
IVC: large vein that receives blood from the lower body (lower limbs, pelvis, abdomen)
both return blood to right atrium

33. Systemic Veins
Internal Jugular descends parallel to common carotid arteries  brachiocephalic veins(just as they merge with the subclavian veins

34. Veins of the Upper Extremity
Radial & Ulnar veins parallel arteries of same name then merge to become Brachial vein  axillary vein  subclavian vein
Vein draw blood from: median cubital

35. Veins of the Abdomen & Pelvis
External Iliac veins receive blood from the lower extremities --> join with Internal Iliac veins to form the rt & lt Common Iliac Veins  fuses with the IVC

36. Veins of Abdomen & Pelvis

37. Hepatic Portal System
Blood leaving the digestive organs by veins is rich in nutrients….instead of returning directly to IVC  heart this blood is shunted to liver first
This way liver can store, convert, detoxify, or excrete materials as necessary
Hepatic Portal vein enters liver with nutrient rich blood