1. Unit 2: Map Skills (Chapter 3)
On a piece of paper, draw a map from the high school (point A) to Kendall 10 Theater (point B). Please label anything that would help a person to get from point A to point B.

2. MAPS A model (representation) of the Earth
shows all or part of the round earth
a way to share knowledge and information about the world
flat, printed documents, 2-D
made by cartographers (mapmakers) and mathematicians
shown in different map projections
(different ways maps are drawn)

3. Map Projections
On-going controversy has been which projection accurately depicts the continents
Because Earth is round, there is always some distortion on any flat map.
A cartographer has to choose which projection best shows features
(without distortion)

4. Map Projections Maps can have true (accurate) ….
Directions
Distances
Areas
Shapes
HOWEVER, a map cannot have ALL of the above correct at the same time!
Some map projections are better at some features than others.

5. How have maps been used in the past and in the present?
Historically…
Land ownership,
political boundaries
Travel: the “age of explorations”
How have maps been used in the past and in the present?

6. Map Projections At least 100 different types Maps are used for
Political
Travel
Commerce
Satellites
We will learn the basics

7. Map Projections Three Types of Map Projections: 1. Mercator
2. Gnomonic
3. Polyconic

8. Mercator Projection One continuous map
As if a piece of paper was wrapped around the planet
Shows whole world, but NOT extreme polar region

9. Mercator Projection

10. Mercator Projection Advantages Directions are true
Nice, rectangular shaped map
Accurate near the equator
Latitude and longitude lines are straight and parallel

11. Mercator Projection Distorts areas near poles
On a Mercator projection, Greenland appears stretched out, exaggerated in size
About 500% larger than actual size.
(Greenland is in fact about the same size as Mexico.)
Antarctica appears so large it is seemingly set for world domination on this scale!
(except it doesn’t have an army)

13. Gnomonic Projection A.K.A. planar projection Circular in shape Uses:
Planning ocean and air voyages
Depicting polar regions

14. Latitude lines are circles longitude lines radiate from the center

16. Gnomonic Projection Advantages Disadvantages
Accurately shows the shortest distance between two points.
Accurate for polar regions.
Disadvantages
Distorts landmass shapes away from the center point of the circle.

18. Polyconic Projection
Made as if a cone of paper was wrapped around Earth

19. Polyconic Projection Used in Atlas
Mapping large areas of land that fall in the middle latitudes
Longitude meridians are straight,
latitude lines “fan out”

21. Polyconic Projection Advantages Disadvantages Reasonably Accurate
Directions
Shapes
Areas
Disadvantages
Latitude and longitude are curved slightly
Distortion increase away from standard parallels
Oddly shaped map

23. Globe Projection Advantages: Disadvantages: 3D Shows true: Direction,
Distances, Areas, Shapes
Disadvantages:
Expensive
Bulky to carry in your glove compartment
*The world's largest globe, with a circumference of 131 feet

24. Map Projections Quiz Time!
1. A country in the tropics should use a…
2. A country in the temperate zone (like U.S.A.) should use a…
3. A polar region should use a …
a. cylindrical (Mercator)
b. planar (gnomonic)
c. conical (polyconical)

25. Synopsis of Map Projections
Mercators are true at the equator and distortion increases toward the poles
Conics are true along some parallel somewhere between the equator and a pole and distortion increases away from this standard
Gnomonics are true only at their center point, but generally distortion is worst at the edge of the map

26. Hemispheres

27. What hemispheres do we live in?

28. Latitude and Longitude
To find an exact place on a map or on Earth, you need crossing lines that create an intersection (place where two lines meet)
coordinates (numbers indicate a specific point)
grid system
known as the latitude and longitude grid

29. Latitude and Longitude
Places can be exactly located using coordinates and plotting them on a “grid”
latitude and longitude
Measured in degrees, minutes and seconds
(360° ' ")

30. Horizontal like rungs on a ladder
Long, tall vertical lines

31. Latitude Also called “parallels”
horizontal “rings” that circle around the globe.
They are equal distances apart.
1° degree of latitude = 65 miles or 111 km
Go from 0° to 90° north (North Pole)
0° to 90° south (South Pole)

33. Longitude Also called meridians. Meridians meet at the poles.
They are measured from zero or prime meridian.
Lines are measured going
east from 0° to 180°
west from 0° to 180°
Distances between longitude lines are NOT equal
At equator, 1o = 111 km (65 miles)
At 45°, 1o = 79 km ( 49 miles)
At the North pole, 1o = ZERO km!

36. Where on earth is 0° latitude and 0° longitude located?
The Prime Meridian
Located at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
0 degrees longitude
Runs through countries such as United Kingdom, France, Spain, Algeria
Where on earth is 0° latitude and 0° longitude located?
In the Atlantic Ocean, about 360 miles south of Ghana

38. Map Scale Maps are not drawn to the same scale as the world
There has to be an amount of reduction in size
Ratio of the distance between two points on the map compared to the actual ground distance
Map Scale = Map Distance
Earth Distance
map distance : Earth (ground) distance

39. 3 types of map scales

40. 3 types of map scales 1: 24000 map scale …
1 inch on the map = 24,000 inches on the ground! …
24,000 inches = 2000 feet

41. 3 types of map scales 1:100,000 scale 1 cm = 100,000 cm …
or 1 kilometer on the surface
(about 0.62 miles)

42. A map of the world has a scale of 1: 46,000,000 !!!!

43. U.S.A. Map would have a scale of 1: 5,000,000

44. A map of Illinois
would have a scale of
1: 500,000

45. A map of Kendall County would have a scale of 1: 62,500

46. Oswego town map would have a scale of 1: 1000

47. Large –scale map Small-scale map Shows a small area with
a lot of detail.
Good for urban areas, towns, streets or hiking.
Example: 1:10,000
Large enough to see details
Small-scale map
Shows a LARGE area with
very little detail.
Good for world maps or large regions such as North America.
Example: 1:1,000,000
Too small to see details