1. 2.1 Properties of Matter Extensive vs. Intensive Extensive- amount of matter in a sample mass- measure of the amount of matter in an object volume- space occupied by an object Intensive- type of matter in a sample, not the amount Substance- matter with a uniform and definite composition Physical property- a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition

2. 2.1 Properties of Matter States of matter -Solid: definite shape, definite volume -Liquid: indefinite shape, definite volume -Gases: indefinite shape, indefinite volume Vapor: gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

3. 2.1 Properties of Matter Physical Changes: -change in the physical property of a substance, but composition of the material does not change Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible

4. 2.2 Mixtures Mixture: physical blend of two or more components. Classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous Heterogeneous: mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout Homogeneous: mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout Phase: any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

5. 2.2 Mixtures Separating Mixtures: uses differences in the physical properties of a sample Filtration: separating a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture Distillation: liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid

6. 2.3 Elements and Compounds Element: simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties Compound: substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot

7. 2.3 Elements and Compounds Chemical change: change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter -The properties of compounds differ from their component elements

8. 2.3 Elements and Compounds Distinguishing between substances and mixtures: -If the composition of a material is fixed (uniform throughout) the material is a substance -If the composition of a material varies, the material is a mixture

9. 2.3 Elements and Compounds Symbols and Formulas Chemical symbols- represent elements Chemical formulas- represent compounds PB vs Pb

10. 2.4 Chemical Reactions Chemical property: the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change -during a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes Chemical reaction: one or more substances change into one or more new substances -reactant: substance at the start of a reaction -product: substance produced at the end of a reaction

11. 2.4 Chemical Reactions Clues that a chemical change has occurred: -transfer of energy -change in color -production of a gas -formation of a precipitate Precipitate: solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

12. 2.4 Chemical Reactions Law of Conservation of Mass: during any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants