1. High liquidity and reduced credits: An important cause of Economic Recessions in Dev eloping countries Paper prepared for the Conference Re-regulating global finance in the light of the global crisis by Noemi Levy 1

2. BACKGROUNDS OF THE ACTUAL CRISES A rise of capital index prices (financial inflation p F ) along financial deepness induced a credit boom channeled to consumption and housing Financial expansion was stopped by the limitation of DC productive capacity (low investment, income redistribution in favor K owner) which demanded increased credits to support economic expansion DeC face different crisis, not anteceded by credit booms. Economic recession was led by reduction of external demand (financial crisis can unfold) Main problem of DeC: A dichotomy of high levels of liquidity and reduced finance. 2

3. HYPOTHESIS Financial liquidity (and innovation) have limited effects in DeC (credit booms are lows low with reduced & short term impact on economic growth) New financial structure eliminated domestic mechanisms to revert economic growth in DeC Economic neoliberal policies based on market mechanisms cannot solve DeC crises (e.r stability, higher interest rate gaps with DC and economic globalization (free trade production and finance). We start discussing Different financial structure ant its impact finance 3

4. I. FINANCIAL STRUCTURES, LIQUIDITY AND FINANCE i) Anglo-Saxon system: Capital markets rules with high liquidity Market mechanisms need to get right prices Deregulation and globalization Privatization of the economy Financial Structures Capital market deepness ( capitalization + turnover + p F ) Financial deepening (M 3 -M 1 / GDP) Macroeconomic stability maximizes economic growth 4

5. ii) The bank-based system: banks main providers of finance with limited liquidity High state intervention Monetary policies: finance priority sectors w/ low & stable prices credit channeling policy Active fiscal policies: priority sectors, anti-cyclical policies Price differentiation Compensatory mechanisms Financial structural characteristic Strong public regulation, financial segmentation Limited capital mobility (market mechanisms are blocked ) Strong relation between government, banks and enterprises 5

6. iii) Capital Market based system in the Financial led capitalist system (1980s) Financial segmentation and Q regulation abolished Capital mobility raised in search of financial gains Exchange and interest rate risks shifts to the private sector Financial innovations (Derivates + Securitization) Big banks & financial corporations (supranational entities) with limited domestic control Institutional investors (Pension funds, mutual funds, insurance companies, investment trusts, etc.) increased financiarization 6

7. Financiarization Financial inflation: D FS > money market outflows ( FS remain in the K market, not linked to finance) Finance wealth & redistribution of income in favor K owners Financial Securities modify agents behavior: institutional investors & banks, non – financial corporations and families Consequences Redistribution of wealth in favor of agents possessing F S Reduced finance to domestic small & medium firms Poverty increases Big gaps between DC, DevC and especially w/poor countries DevC reduced access to counter-cyclical policies 7

8. II. MEXICAN FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION IN THE FINANCIAL LED SUSTEM Deep institutional changes Bank Deregulation: disappearance of compensatory mechanisms Financial deepening bond and capital segments Trade openness & Financial market globalization Promotion of institutional investors …… more importantly after NAFTA Adoption of the North-American Financial System : Derivatives & Securitization FDI deregulation 8

9. High Liquidity and reduced finance 9

10. Two periods of financial inflation: Financial innovation limited to external K movement and Mexican K-based remained weak 10

11. Financial deepening increased i) After 1994 crisis lead by non bank instruments 11

12. Private non financial sectors finance decreased in a context of financial and capital deepness 12

13. Finance to private non financial sectors Main finance sources Favored activities 13

14. Finance to private non financial sectors dropped Commercial bank credits shrank New domestic sources of finance External finance did not increase 14

15. Enterprises the most affect sector: export led model does not leave space to domestic enterprises and high uncertainty became an important issue 15

16. Why finance to private non-financial enterprises shrank No competition within institutions of the financial sectors Bank credit cards have high interest rates Small & medium enterprises have low access depended in supplier finance 16

17. Financial Institutions specialization Enterprises low access to bank credits (supplier finance important for small & medium enterprises) 17

18. Consumption credit card costs are very high and development banks concentrated in housing finance. High commercial bank income margins 18

19. Worrying signs Bank financial indexes Productive Structure External capital movement 19

20. Bank index start to show some fragility (Default index) 20

21. The Mexican productive structure changed: internal market shrank (Reduced internal market, Led Export economy w/ negative net exports) 21

22. External capital flows highly unstable: Higher current account deficit & unstable FPI and FDI flows 22

23. Counter-cyclical economic programs PICE (Program to increase employment and economic growth) October 2008 Program to support families economies and employment (January, 2009) The spirit these programs remain neoliberal Exchange rate Stability & market mechanisms No policies to strengthen internal market 23

24. 24 Exchange rate stability policy: External reserves fall and FMI debt

25. Loose Monetary policy (2009): Interest rate objective had not strong impact on finance | 25

26. Other policies Integral reform to PEMEX & the construction of one refinery: Postponed Collective Transport (1300 millions of dollars). Not done Program to support families economies and employment (January, 2009). Insufficient to increase economic growth. Supported corporations linked to the external market (car industry) Deters unemployment in big enterprises link to the external market Price squeeze of goods that undergone before strong rises (electricity and gasoline) Social Policies Extended coverage of social security from 3 to 6 months Ability to retire savings from workers own pension funds 26

27. Fiscal policy: No serous contra-cyclical measure Based on exchange rate market intervention and more foreign trade: Market based policies - Tariff reduction - Exchange rate stability (central bank sold reserve to prevent exchange rate devaluation 27

28. Conclusions Need to reform the Mexican Financial System increasing links between bank and non-bank financial institutions and enterprises Excess liquidity needs to be limited : External capital mobility need to be restricted (taxes) Banks ownership need to be domestic Institutional investors need to be re-organized Public bonds need to be reduced Financial segmentation needs to come back (increase capital reserves for investment activities) Limit non-bank financial institutions Active fiscal policies: Priority sectors 28

29. New Monetary instruments Reserve requirement in case of excess liquidity Interest rate cups, commissions and fees need to be limited Reintroduce direct central credit to government Compensatory mechanisms are required Development bank Government guarantees for domestic productive entrepreneurs Reduce external dependence & internal market Distribution of income to be changed in favor of salaries and production 29