1. Development of Civilization

2. Flow chart on the Path to Civilization Nomads - Hunter-Gatherer -
Domestication (plants and animals ) -
Neolithic Revolution (farming) -

3. Flow chart on the Path to Civilization
Nomads - Humans moved from place to place in search of food.
Hunter-Gatherer - Humans hunted and gathered wild plants and other food.
Domestication (plants and animals ) - the selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful.
Neolithic Revolution (farming) - Gave birth to civilization.

4. The Beginning of Agriculture
The development of agriculture was a major turning point in human history and significantly changed the way in which many people lived.
Essential Questions:
What new tools and technologies did early humans develop during the New Stone Age?
How did early agriculture develop and spread?
In what ways did the development of agriculture change Stone Age society?

5. The New Stone Age
As prehistoric people developed more sophisticated tools, the Paleolithic Era gave way to the Neolithic Era.
Stones chipped to make points
Wood and bone tools
Nets from plant fibers and animal sinew
Paleolithic Tools
Polished stones to make points
More specialized tools:
chisels
drills
saws
Neolithic Tools

6. Development of Agriculture
The development of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago, radically changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the Neolithic Revolution.
New plants
New food source
People learned to farm
Domestication
Larger food supply
Plants
Domesticating animals
Careful selection and breeding
Larger and more stable supply of meat, milk, skins, wool
Animals
Available plants, domesticated animals
Spread to regions:
Asia: rice
Africa: cattle
Mexico: corn
South America:
potatoes
Growth of Agriculture

7. How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals?
Answer:

8. How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals?
Answer: more reliable food supply; people could pool labor and resources

9. Agriculture Changes Society
Agriculture dramatically changed Stone Age societies by providing a larger and more reliable food supply.
Some people began to live as nomadic pastoralists.
Others gave up the nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements, pooling their resources.
Small settlements
Villages and towns
Increase in trade
Societies became more complex
Social status, authority
Religion
Warfare, disease increased
Early Farming Societies
New tools and methods
Animals working in fields
Grindstones, pestles, pottery
Wool from sheep for yarn
Spinning and weaving
Copper, bronze, tin
New Technologies
As people began to make items from bronze, the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age, which began as early as 3000 BC in some areas.

10. Foundations of Civilization
From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations, marking the beginnings of recorded history.
Essential Questions:
Why did some early villages develop into cities?
What characterized the world’s first civilizations, and where did they develop?
What factors cause civilizations to change over time?

11. From Villages to Cities
Advances in farming and changing economies caused villages to grow in size and complexity, and the first cities began to appear.
New methods to increase production: irrigation systems
Networks of canals, ditches
Link fields to water supply
Farm more land in drier conditions
Plant more crops and produce more food
Surplus, or excess of food
Advances in Farming
Fewer people needed to farm
Began to specialize in other jobs
Division of labor
Traditional economy
Economic decisions based on custom, ritual
Began to change with development of irrigation
Trade increases
Changing Economies

12. Characteristics of Cities
Generally larger than villages
First known city was Uruk, in what is now Iraq
Home to 40,000–50,000 people
Covered more than 1,000 acres
Populations more diverse than in villages
Early villages consisted of extended families
Early cities included many unrelated people
More formal organization than in villages
Had defined centers, with temples and marketplaces
Had defined boundaries separating the cities from surrounding villages
Served as centers of trade for surrounding villages

13. How did early cities differ from early farming villages?
Answer:

14. How did early cities differ from early farming villages?
Answer: Cities were larger, more diverse, more dense, and served as trade centers.

15. The First Civilizations
The development of cities gave rise to the first civilizations.
A civilization is a complex and organized society.
Although early civilizations differed, they had several characteristics in common.
Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Developed cities
Organized government
Formalized religion 1 2
Specialization of labor: farmers, engineers, soldiers, artisans
Social classes
Record keeping and writing
Art and architecture
The first civilizations grew up independently along fertile river valleys where enough food could be produced to support a growing population. 3 4