1. SINGULAR Singular and Plural

2. We add a or an before the Singular countable Noun 1- We add a to the nouns which start with consonant letter a book a dog a teacher a car 2- We add an to the nouns which start with vowel letter an apple an idea an orange an egg 3- We add a to the nouns which start with u and pronounced as u (iu) a university a union a unit 4- We add an to the nouns which start with silent h followed by vowel letter an hour an honour

3. Plural To change nouns from singular to plural we do the following: 1- Add s to most nouns book books star stars Planet planets car cars 2- Add es to nouns which end with s / ss /sh / ch / x / o box boxes watch watches glass glasses tomato tomatoes

4. Plural 3- Nouns which end with consonant followed by y we change the y to i and then we add es Party parties country countries 4- Nouns which end with vowel (a-e-i-o-u ) followed by y we just add s Play plays boy boys 5- Most nouns which end with f or fe we change it to v and then we add es wolf wolves wife wives Life lives thief thieves

5. Plural SingularPlural a manMen a womanWomen a childChildren a footFeet a toothTeeth a mouseMice a sheepSheep a fishfish 6- There are some irregular plurals such as:

6. Pronouns Singular pronounsPlural pronouns IWe He They She It You Pronoun comes instead of noun In English Language there are singular and plural pronouns as it is shown in the following table

7. The present Simple of verb to (Be) Subject pronounVerb to Be IAm He is She It You are We They Verb be ( is, are, am ) We change Verb be to is or are or am according to the subject as it’s shown in the following table

8. Examples 1- I am a teacher 2- He is a football player 3- My friend is from Jeddah 4- Cars are red 5- The sky is blue 6- They are good 7- Sami and Ali are from Jordan 8- We are humans 9- The boys are lost 10- English is an easy language

9. Note Verb to be can be written in long form (as the previous examples) or in short form (contraction) as this: 1- I’m a student. 2- He’s a good teacher. 3- she’s a nurse. 4- You’re a smart boy. 5- We’re friends. 6- They’re good teachers.

10. Negative of verb to be We can make negative of verb to be by adding not after verb to be and it could be in long form or in short form as the following: Long formShort form (contraction) 1- I am not a student.1- I'm not a student. 2- He is not a good teacher.2- He isn't a good teacher. 3- she is not a nurse.3- she isn't a nurse. 4- You are not a smart boy.4- You aren't a smart boy. 5- We are not friends.5- We aren't friends. 6- They are not good teachers.6- They aren't good teachers. 7- It is not a book.7- It isn't a book.

11. Noun + is + noun 1- A cat is an animal 2- Ali is a student 3- Paula is a girl 4- A printer is a machine 5- A school is a building 6- A chair is furniture 7- love is feeling 8- A car is a machine

12. Noun + are + noun Noun and noun + are + noun 1- Cats are animals 2- Ducks are birds 3- Jazzan and Jeddah are cities 4- Saudi Arabia and Jordan are countries 5- Bees and ants are bugs 6- Schools are buildings 7- Elephants are animals

13. Noun + be + adjective 1- He is handsome 2- They are good 3- It’s nice 4- Sami is a strong fighter 5- They are Saudis 6- I am Jordanian 7- The lemon is yellow 8- Sara is happy 9- I am sad