1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Chapter 5 Socialization In Conflict and Order: Understanding Society, 11 th edition This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 The Personality as a Social Product We are all the product of nature and nurture. We develop our sense of self (our personality) in interaction with other people. Newly born infants have no sense of self- awareness.

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Charles H. Cooley Cooley believed that children’s conceptions of themselves arise through interaction with other people. He used the metaphor of a looking glass self. Through interaction children define themselves according to how they interpret how people think of them.

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 George Herbert Mead Mead’s theory of self-development involves several stages. –In the play stage children pretend to be a variety of adult roles (taking the role of the other). In the game stage children play at games with rigid rules. –They begin to understand the structure of the entire game with the expectations for everyone involved. –This understanding of the entire situation is called “the generalized other”.

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Sigmund Freud According to Freud’s theory, socialization is the process by which society controls the id (the biological needs for pleasure). –Through this process, children develop egos (the control of the id by finding appropriate ways to satisfy biological urges). –A superego also emerges, which is the internalization of the morals of the parents, further channeling behavior in socially acceptable ways.

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Albert Bandura According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory, children observe the behavior of others and the feedback (positive and/or negative) for such behavior. –This then serves as a guide for their actions as they model after others.

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Society’s Socialization Agents Personality of the child is, to a large degree, socially created and sustained. Through the process of socialization, the child internalizes the norms and values of a society.

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Society’s Socialization Agents The Family The Schools The Media

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 The Media Ten multinational corporations control television, radio, movies, books, magazines, and the internet in the U.S.

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 The Media The concentration of the media in the hands of the few results in: –As ideological monopoly that supports the status quo –An emphasis on entertainment over news –An emphasis on profit making over information gathering –News of local interest being sacrificed for what media moguls consider of interest to the widest national audience

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Similarities and Differences Among Members of Society Because the socialization agents of society present a relatively consistent picture, the members of a society tend to be alike in fundamental ways (modal personality type). The smaller and more homogenous the society, the more alike the members of that society will be.

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Similarities and Differences Among Members of Society Even though individuals within societies are socialized and generally comply with the demands of their society, every society has its deviants. Despite the tendency for the members to be alike, people, especially in large, heterogeneous societies, are not all similar.

13. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Similarities and Differences Among Members of Society The sources of deviation are the differences found in: –Family –Schools –Religion –Social Location –Generation Cohort –Contradictory Influences and Role Conflicts

14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Contradictory Influences and Role Conflicts Order theorists view socialization as necessary to promote solidarity and the development of law-abiding citizens.

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Contradictory Influences and Role Conflicts Conflict theorists view the process as one in which people are led to accept the customs, laws, and values of society uncritically. –This process is so powerful that disadvantaged people may accept the system that disadvantages them (false consciousness).