1. Clauses
Composition

2. A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is used as part of a sentence.
Do not confuse phrases with clauses:
Clauses have subjects and verbs.
Phrases only have verbs, no subjects.
Phrase: walking to the store
Clause: while I walked to the store
Clauses

3. An independent or main clause expresses a complete thought and can be written as a separate sentence.
Example
Ms. Santana works in one of the law offices in downtown Concord.
Independent Clauses

4. A subordinate clause, or dependent clause, does contain a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.
Examples
The pain will be gone before you know it.
(subordinate)
We must go because it is time (subordinate)
Subordinate Clause

5. Verbal phrases and subordinate clauses both contain verbs, but clauses contain subjects while phrases do not.
Tip: Look for two sentences.
Verbal phrase: Walking to the store, I tripped.
Clause: When I walked to the store, I tripped.
Clause or Phrase?

6. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.
Needs to follow the word it modifies.
Ex: Some psychologists rely on tests that determine specific personality types.
Relative pronouns/adverbs used:
that, which, who, whom, whose
when, where, why
Adjective Clause

7. Often, the relative pronoun in the clause is omitted
Often, the relative pronoun in the clause is omitted. The pronoun is understood and still has a function in the clause.
Example
Here is the cheeseburger you ordered. (relative pronoun that is understood).
Omitted Pronouns

8. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
Tells: how, when, where, why, or to what extent/degree.
Can be moved to front or end of sentence.
Ex: Al panics whenever he takes a test.
Subordinating Conjunctions used:
after, before, unless, although, until, in order that, when, as, if, since, whenever, as long as, so, that, whereas, soon, than, wherever, because, though, while
Remember that after, before, since, until, and as may also be used as prepositions.
Preposition: after the game
Clause: after we go to the game
Adverb Clauses

9. An adverb clause is set off by commas when it comes before the independent clause, but not if it comes after it.
Examples
Even though I wanted to go, I said I wouldn’t.
Shannon is not happy even though he has his check.
Comma Usage

10. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
Conjunctions/pronouns used: how, that, when, where, whether, why, what(ever), which(ever), who(ever), whom(ever), whose
Noun Clauses

11. If no introductory word is used, you can still recognize a noun clause if the clause can be replaced in the sentence by someone or something.
Example
His mother said he could go. (that is omitted, or understood)
His mother said something.
Hint

12. If used at the beginning
Can be moved in the sentence
Uses punctuation
Can be removed from the sentence
Adjective Clause
Sometimes x
Adverb Clause
If used at the beginning
Noun Clause
Review Chart

13. Practice: Find the sub. clause
Experts disagree about what the role of birth order is in personality.
Some assert that specific inherited genes influence many personality traits.
This leads to the question of whether a child’s birth order affects his or her personality.
According to Sulloway, whoever is born first in a family identifies as an established authority.
Practice: Find the sub. clause

14. Sentence Structure
Composition

15. Improve your writing by using varied sentence structures.
Goal

16. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
TIP: Look for only one subject and very (ignoring phrases).
Most TV family shows idealize family life.
A simple sentence may contain a compound subject, a compound verb, and one or more phrases.
Leave It To Beaver and Father Knows Best were examples of the “ideal” American family.
Simple Sentences

17. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined together.
Clauses can be joined using a comma, a conjunction, a semicolon, or a semicolon with a conjunctive adverb.
Conjunctive adverbs are transitional words such as however, therefore, consequently, furthermore, evidently, etc.
Ignore the conjunction – it is not part of either clause.
TV families often owned dogs, but viewers rarely saw a cat.
Housekeepers were family too; they often gave wise advice.
Compound Sentences

18. A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Tip: Look for the conjunctions.
A 1970s sitcom called The Brady Bunch featured a blended family that consisted of two of the original parents, three girls, and three boys.
Although it was not as popular as other programs at the time, the show went on to become an enduring classic.
Complex Sentences

19. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
Tip: Look for comma/conjunctions or semicolons.
On January 12, 1971, All in the Family appeared on TV, and audiences saw a show that changed the course of TV comedy.
Each week the show broke new ground, and as the actors tackled one sensitive subject after another, the show quickly became the number one program on television.
Compound-Complex Sentences

20. Review Chart FANBOYS or Semicolon Subordinating Conjunction Simple No
Compound
Yes
Complex
Compound-complex
Review Chart

21. Identify each of the following sentences: (S) simple, (CD) compound, (CX) complex, or (CC) compound-complex.
We need to cut the grass, but we need to get gas for the mower first.
Although it rained today, the temperature is still very high.
This is the teacher who won an award; she inspires her students.
On the first of the month, I get paid.
We can’t fix the problem until we know the source of it.
Practice & Apply